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Pronunciamento Oficial da Sociedade Internacional de Nutrição Esportiva (ISSN)

Padrões nutricionais da atleta feminina

Pronunciamento Oficial da Sociedade Internacional de Nutrição Esportiva (ISSN): Padrões nutricionais da atleta feminina

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Autores

  • Stacy T Sims Auckland University of Technology, SPRINZ, Auckland, New Zealand
  • Chad M Kerksick Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St Charles, MO, USA
  • Abbie E Smith-Ryan University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
  • Xanne A K Janse de Jonge University of Newcastle, Exercise and Sport Science, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
  • Katie R Hirsch University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, USA
  • Shawn M Arent University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, USA
  • Susan Joyce Hewlings Nutrasource, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
  • Susan M Kleiner High Performance Nutrition LLC Mercer, Island, WA, US
  • Erik Bustillo Erik Bustillo Consulting, Miami, FL, USA
  • Jaime L Tartar Nova Southeastern University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Fort Lauderdale, FL, US
  • Valerie G Starratt Nova Southeastern University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Fort Lauderdale, FL, US
  • Richard B Kreider Texas A & M University, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, College Station, TX, USA
  • Casey Greenwalt Florida State University, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Tallahassee, FL, USA
  • Liliana I Rentería Florida State University, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Tallahassee, FL, USA
  • Michael J Ormsbee Florida State University, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Tallahassee, FL, USA
  • Trisha A VanDusseldorp Jacksonville University, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
  • Bill I Campbell University of South Florida, Exercise Science Program, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Tampa, FL, USA
  • Douglas S Kalman Nova Southeastern University, Dr. Kiran C Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Davie, FL, USA
  • Jose Antonio Nova Southeastern University, Dr. Kiran C Patel College of Healthcare Sciences, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA

Palavras-chave:

Atleta Feminina, Ciclo Menstrual, Contraceptivo Hormonal, Menopausa, Nutrição, Exercício

Resumo

Com base em uma revisão abrangente e análise crítica da literatura sobre as preocupações nutricionais de atletas femininas, conduzida por especialistas na área e membros selecionados da Sociedade Internacional de Nutrição Esportiva (ISSN), as seguintes conclusões representam o Pronunciamento Oficial da Sociedade: 1. As atletas femininas têm perfis hormonais únicos e imprevisíveis, que influenciam a sua fisiologia e necessidades nutricionais ao longo da vida. Para entender como as perturbações nesses hormônios afetam o indivíduo, recomendamos que atletas femininas em idade reprodutiva monitorem seu estado hormonal (natural, impulsionado por hormônios) em relação ao treinamento e à recuperação para determinar seus padrões e necessidades individuais, e atletas na peri e pós-menopausa devem monitorar métricas de treinamento e recuperação para determinar os padrões únicos dos indivíduos. 2. A consideração nutricional primária para todos os atletas, e em particular para as atletas do sexo feminino, deve ser alcançar uma ingestão energética adequada para satisfazer as suas necessidades energéticas e alcançar uma disponibilidade energética ótima (EA); com foco no horário das refeições em relação ao exercício para melhorar as adaptações ao treinamento, o desempenho e a saúde do atleta. 3. São evidentes as diferenças significativas entre os sexos e influências hormonais sexuais no metabolismo dos hidratos de carbono e dos lipídios, por isso recomendamos primeiro garantir que as atletas satisfaçam as suas necessidades de hidratos de carbono em todas as fases do ciclo menstrual. Em segundo lugar, adaptar a ingestão de hidratos de carbono ao estado hormonal, com ênfase numa maior ingestão e disponibilidade de hidratos de carbono durante as semanas de pílula ativa das utilizadoras de contraceptivos orais e durante a fase lútea do ciclo menstrual, onde há um maior efeito da supressão dos hormônios sexuais na produção de gluconogênese durante o exercício. 4. Com base na limitada pesquisa disponível, recomendamos que os contraceptivos orais, pré-menopáusicos e eumenorreicos que utilizam atletas do sexo feminino devem ter como objetivo consumir uma fonte de proteína de alta qualidade o mais próximo possível do início e/ou após a conclusão do exercício para reduzir perdas oxidativas de aminoácidos induzidas pelo exercício e iniciem a remodelação e reparo da proteína muscular na dose de 0,32–0,38 g·kg−1. Para mulheres eumenorreicas, a ingestão durante a fase lútea deve ter como objetivo o limite superior da faixa devido às ações catabólicas da progesterona e à maior necessidade de aminoácidos. 5. Perto do início e/ou após a conclusão do exercício, os atletas na peri e pós-menopausa devem procurar um bolus de fontes de proteína intacta com alto teor de EAA (~10 g) ou suplementos para superar a resistência anabólica. 6. A ingestão diária de proteínas deve estar dentro dos limites médios a superiores das atuais diretrizes de nutrição esportiva (1,4–2,2 g·kg−1·dia−1) para mulheres em todas as fases da função menstrual (pré-, peri-, pós-menopausa e usuárias de anticoncepcionais) com doses de proteína distribuídas uniformemente, a cada 3-4 horas, ao longo do dia. Atletas eumenorreicas na fase lútea e atletas peri/pós-menopausa, independentemente do esporte, devem buscar o limite superior da faixa. 7. Os hormônios sexuais femininos afetam a dinâmica dos fluidos e o manejo dos eletrólitos. Uma maior predisposição à hiponatremia ocorre em períodos de progesterona elevada e em mulheres na menopausa, que são mais lentas na excreção de água. Além disso, as mulheres têm menos líquidos absolutos e relativos disponíveis para perder através da transpiração do que os homens, tornando as consequências fisiológicas da perda de líquidos mais graves, particularmente na fase lútea. 8. Faltam evidências de suplementação específica para o sexo devido à escassez de pesquisas específicas para mulheres e a quaisquer efeitos diferenciais nas mulheres. Cafeína, ferro e creatina têm mais evidências para uso em mulheres. Tanto o ferro quanto a creatina são altamente eficazes para atletas do sexo feminino. A suplementação de creatina de 3 a 5 g por dia é recomendada para o suporte mecanicista da suplementação de creatina no que diz respeito à cinética da proteína muscular, fatores de crescimento, células satélites, fatores de transcrição miogênica, regulação de glicogênio e cálcio, estresse oxidativo e inflamação. Mulheres na pós-menopausa se beneficiam da saúde óssea, da saúde mental e do tamanho e função do músculo esquelético ao consumir doses mais altas de creatina (0,3 g·kg−1·d−1). 9. Para fomentar e promover investigações de alta qualidade envolvendo atletas do sexo feminino, os pesquisadores devem ser primeiro encorajados a deixar de excluir as mulheres, a menos que os objetivos primários sejam diretamente influenciados por mecanismos específicos do sexo. Em todos os cenários investigativos, pesquisadores de todo o mundo são incentivados a investigar e relatar informações mais detalhadas sobre o estado hormonal da atleta, incluindo o estado menstrual (dias desde a menstruação, duração da menstruação, duração do ciclo, etc.) e/ou detalhes contraceptivos hormonais e/ou estado de menopausa.

ARK
— Identificador persistente da Edição 2024 OLYMPIKA MAGAZINE - VOLUME 2 ONLINE - Nº. 002: https://n2t.net/ark:/40019/oly.v2i2
— Identificador persistente deste artigo: https://n2t.net/ark:/40019/oly.v2i.13.g22


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NOTAS

Artigo adaptado e traduzido para o português pelos editores de OLYMPIKA MAGAZINE para republicação, conforme normas de submissão do periódico. Versão original em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15502783.2023.2204066 ) LICENÇA ORIGINAL E DA VERSÃO: © 2023 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

Imagem meramente ilustrativa. Fonte: https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/young-woman-with-healthy-sporty-figure-eating-red-fresh-apple-with-skipping-rope-neck_10232657.htm

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2024-04-19

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1.
Sims ST, Kerksick CM, Smith-Ryan AE, de Jonge XAKJ, Hirsch KR, Arent SM, et al. Pronunciamento Oficial da Sociedade Internacional de Nutrição Esportiva (ISSN): Padrões nutricionais da atleta feminina. OlyMag [Internet]. 19º de abril de 2024 [citado 3º de dezembro de 2024];2. Disponível em: https://olympika.org/index.php/Olympika-Magazine/article/view/13

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